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1.
Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. (Online) ; 59: e201085, 2023. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1429968

ABSTRACT

Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) is an abundant mediator which is demonstrated to be involved in pruritus. Assuming that the increased NO also mediates chloroquine-induced pruritus, which is a frequent complication seen in the chronic chloroquine treatment, the current study aimed to investigate the effect of quercetin and the role of NO in chloroquine-induced pruritus in C57BL/6 mice. Model was created with subcutaneous chloroquine (400µg/site) injection to the nape of the mice. Effect of quercetin and role of NO were investigated with administration of quercetin, and co-administration with L-NAME, 7-NI and L-arginine before chloroquine injection. Locomotor activity was assessed by activity cage and number of the scratching bouts after chloroquine injection was recorded for 30 minutes. Our results show that quercetin significantly reduced scratching bouts at the doses of 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg. Locomotor activity was decreased at the 40 and 80 mg/kg doses of quercetin. Additionally, decrease of the number of scratching bouts by quercetin prevented by L-arginine treatment, while L-NAME and 7-NI enhanced the anti-pruritic effect of sub-effective doses of quercetin. Therefore, our study demonstrated that acute injection of quercetin significantly diminished chloroquine-induced scratching behavior, and this effect is partly mediated by inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase enzyme.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Mice , Pruritus/chemically induced , Quercetin/adverse effects , Chloroquine/administration & dosage , Nitric Oxide/agonists , Motor Activity
2.
Int. j. morphol ; 39(4): 1123-1131, ago. 2021. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1385439

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: Adriamycin (ADR) is an anthracycline antibiotic used for treatment of many types of cancer. However, its applications may damage to healthy tissues. Chloroquine (CLQ) is an anti-inflammatory agent used in treatment of many inflammation associated diseases such as malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Moreover, it is used in the treatment of pneumonia caused by COVID-19. The aim of this study is to determine possible therapeutic effects of Chloroquine on Adriamycin-induced testicular toxicity in rats. We investigated the effect of CLQ on testicular injury caused by ADR. Rats were divided into four groups: Control, ADR, CLQ, ADR+CLQ. After administrations, animals were sacrificed, and testis tissues were extracted from the animals for the further examinations. Histopathological changes in testis tissues were evaluated and TNF-α and IL-6 immunostaining were performed to determine the expression levels of these cytokines. TUNEL method were used for evaluation of apoptotic index. Moreover, serum testosterone levels were measured by ELISA assay. We observed that ADR group showed histopathological deterioration when compared to the Control group and CLQ treatment ameliorated this damage induced by Adriamycin.An increase in TNF-α and IL-6 immunoreactivities and in the number of apoptotic cells and a decrease in serum testosterone levels were determined in the ADR group compared to the Control and CLQ group. Furthermore, our examinations showed an improvement in testicular tissue in ADR+CLQ group in terms of these parameters when compared to the ADR group. We suggest that CLQ can be used as a protective agent to reduce the toxic effects of Adriamycin as a result of its anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties.


RESUMEN: La adriamicina (ADR) es un antibiótico de antraciclina que se usa para el tratamiento de muchos tipos de cáncer. Sin embargo, sus aplicaciones pueden dañar los tejidos sanos. La cloroquina (CLQ) es un agente antiinflamatorio que se utiliza en el tratamiento de enfermedades asociadas a la inflamación, tal como la malaria y la artritis reumatoide. También se utiliza en el tratamiento de la neumonía causada por COVID-19. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los posibles efectos terapéuticos de la cloroquina sobre la toxicidad testicular inducida por adriamicina en ratas. Investigamos el efecto de CLQ sobre la lesión testicular causada por ADR. Las ratas se dividieron en cuatro grupos: Control, ADR, CLQ, ADR + CLQ. Después de las administraciones, se sacrificaron los animales y se extrajeron los testículos de los animales para los exámenes adicionales. Se evaluaron los cambios histopatológicos en los tejidos testiculares y se realizó la inmunotinción de TNF-α e IL-6 para determinar los niveles de expresión de estas citocinas. Se utilizó el método TUNEL para la evaluación del índice apoptótico. Además, los niveles de testosterona en suero se midieron mediante un ensayo ELISA. El grupo ADR mostró un deterioro histopatológico en comparación con el grupo Control y observamos que el tratamiento con CLQ mejoró el daño inducido por Adriamicina. Un aumento en las inmunorreactividades de TNF-α e IL-6 y en el número de células apoptóticas además de una disminución en los niveles séricos de testosterona se determinaron en el grupo de ADR en comparación con el grupo de control y CLQ. Además, nuestros exámenes mostraron una mejora en el tejido testicular en el grupo ADR + CLQ en términos de estos parámetros en comparación con el grupo ADR. Sugerimos que CLQ se puede utilizar como agente protector para reducir los efectos tóxicos de la Adriamicina, gracias a sus propiedades antiinflamatorias y antiapoptóticas.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Testicular Diseases/chemically induced , Testicular Diseases/drug therapy , Doxorubicin/adverse effects , Chloroquine/administration & dosage , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Immunohistochemistry , Interleukin-6 , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha , Rats, Wistar , Apoptosis/drug effects , In Situ Nick-End Labeling , Inflammation , Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/adverse effects
3.
Rev. chil. enferm. respir ; 37(2): 139-148, jun. 2021.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1388143

ABSTRACT

Resumen Desde la notificación de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2, agente patógeno responsable del COVID-19, muchos de los tratamientos dirigidos a su manejo han estado sometidos a estudios de manera constante, con el fin de comprobar su eficacia y seguridad. El conocimiento de su virología y etiopatogenia posibilitaría objetivar los pasos moleculares específicos que puedan ser blancos terapéuticos de variados fármacos actualmente disponibles. Esta experiencia proviene principalmente de las infecciones por SARS-CoV y MERS-CoV, con resultados variados 'in vitro' en el SARS-CoV-2, sin evidencia clínica que demuestre efectividad y seguridad de dichos tratamientos. A la fecha, no se ha podido concretar con claridad un esquema de tratamiento específico, debido a que la evidencia surgida ha puesto en jaque cada uno de los fármacos propuestos. Esto ha motivado a continuar en la búsqueda de una estrategia efectiva que permita manejar esta pandemia con la seguridad y eficacia necesaria para que el beneficio terapéutico esté por sobre los posibles efectos adversos que estos esquemas farmacológicos pudiesen presentar. La siguiente revisión pretende mostrar la evidencia disponible a la fecha, definiendo la actividad de cada fármaco en función de su mecanismo de acción.


Since the beginning of the pandemic by SARS-CoV-2, the pathogen responsible for COVID-19, many of the therapeutic options for its management have been under constant revision, in order to verify their safety and efficiency. Knowledge of the viral structure and pathogenesis make it possible to determine the molecular pathways that may be targeted with current available drugs. The experience with these drugs comes mainly from infections caused by SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, in vitro studies with SARS-CoV-2 that yield variable results, and clinical experience that does not ensure effectiveness and safety of such drugs. To date, it has not been possible to elucidate a specific treatment scheme, because of the constant release of evidence that challenges the usefulness of the proposed drugs. This has motived us to continue seeking for an effective strategy that allows to manage this pandemic in a safe and efficient manner, so that therapeutic benefit surpasses the related adverse drug reactions that can occur. The following review aims to showcase the evidence available to date by defining the activity of each drug based on its mechanism of action.


Subject(s)
Humans , Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage , SARS-CoV-2/drug effects , COVID-19/drug therapy , Plasma , Ivermectin/administration & dosage , Adenosine Monophosphate/analogs & derivatives , Chloroquine/administration & dosage , Interleukin-6/antagonists & inhibitors , Interleukin-1/antagonists & inhibitors , Interferon-beta/administration & dosage , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/administration & dosage , Ritonavir/administration & dosage , Alanine/analogs & derivatives , Lopinavir/administration & dosage , Anticoagulants/administration & dosage
5.
Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. (Online) ; 57: e181086, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1350237

ABSTRACT

Malaria is nowadays one of the most serious health concerns in a global scale and, although there is an evident increase in research studies in this area, pointed by the vast number of hits and leads, it still appears as a recurrent topic every year due to the drug resistance shown by the parasite exposing the urgent need to develop new antimalarial medications. In this work, 38 molecules were synthesized via copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) or "click" chemistry, following different routes to produce 2 different organic azides, obtained from a 4,7 dicholoquinoline, reacted with 19 different commercially available terminal alkynes. All those new compounds were evaluated for their in vitro activity against the chloroquine resistant malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (W2). The cytotoxicity evaluation was accomplished using Hep G2 cells and SI index was calculated for every molecule. Some of the quinoline derivatives have shown high antimalarial activity, with IC50 values in the range of 1.72-8.66 µM, low cytotoxicity, with CC50>1000 µM and selectivity index (SI) in the range of 20-100, with some compounds showing SI>800. Therefore, the quinolinotriazole hybrids could be considered a very important step on the development of new antimalarial drugs


Subject(s)
In Vitro Techniques/instrumentation , Chloroquine/administration & dosage , Malaria/drug therapy , Antimalarials/analysis , Plasmodium falciparum/metabolism , Research/classification , Drug Resistance/drug effects , Chimera/abnormalities , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Click Chemistry
7.
Rev. peru. med. exp. salud publica ; 37(2): 302-311, abr.-jun. 2020. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1127147

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Durante las primeras semanas de 2020 se comenzaron a informar casos de personas con SARS-CoV-2 fuera de China, con un rápido aumento de casos y muertes en todo el mundo. El SARS-CoV-2 es un virus ARN monocatenario positivo, envuelto en una bicapa lipídica derivada de la membrana celular del huésped y constituido por cuatro proteínas estructurales (S, M, E y N), además de una hemaglutinina-esterasa. La unión de la proteína S con el receptor de enzima convertidora de angiotensina 2 (ECA2) permite la entrada del virus a la célula huésped y es una potencial diana terapéutica. El 81% de los enfermos hace cuadro leve; el 14%, grave; y el 5% requiere cuidados intensivos. La fiebre es el síntoma más frecuente, seguido de tos y disnea. La mayoría de los pacientes no presentan leucocitosis pero sí linfopenia, con cultivos de esputo que no muestran otros patógenos. En las biopsias de pulmón de pacientes graves el hallazgo más llamativo es el daño alveolar difuso. Radiológicamente se aprecian patrones de vidrio esmerilado y alveolar, siendo las lesiones de predominio basal, subpleural y posterior, con una distribución periférica multifocal, afectando más el lóbulo inferior derecho. Hay una marcada respuesta inflamatoria, que llega hasta la tormenta de citoquinas, en la que el tratamiento antiinflamatorio con terapia de pulso con metilprednisolona estaría indicado. Aunque no existan estudios en gran escala respecto al uso de cloroquina/hidroxicloroquina, debido a la situación mundial se ha autorizado su uso por su efecto anti SARS-CoV-2 y anti-inflamatorio, el cual puede ser potenciado con el uso de azitromicina.


ABSTRACT During the first weeks of 2020, cases of SARS-CoV-2 began to be reported outside of China, with a rapid increase in cases and deaths worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is a positive single-stranded RNA virus, encased in a lipid bilayer derived from the host cell membrane and consists of four structural proteins (S, M, E and N), plus a haemagglutinin-sterase. The binding of the S protein to the ECA2 receptor allows the entry of the virus into the host cell and is a potential therapeutic target. 81% of patients develop mild symptoms, 14% have severe symptoms and 5% require intensive care management. Fever is the most frequent symptom, followed by cough and dyspnea. Most patients do not present leukocytosis, but they do present lymphopenia with sputum cultures that do not show other pathogens. In lung biopsies of severe patients, the most noticeable finding is diffuse alveolar damage. Radiologically, ground glass and alveolar patterns are observed; the lesions being predominantly basal, subpleural, and posterior, with a multifocal peripheral distribution, more affecting the right lower lobe. There is a marked inflammatory response, up to the cytokine storm, in which anti-inflammatory treatment with pulse therapy with methylprednisolone would be indicated. Although there are no large-scale studies regarding the use of chloroquine / hydroxychloroquine, due to the global situation, its use has been authorized for its anti-SARS-CoV-2 and anti-inflammatory effect, which can be potentiated with the use of azithromycin.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Inflammation/virology , Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage , Pneumonia, Viral/physiopathology , Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy , Chloroquine/administration & dosage , Coronavirus Infections/physiopathology , Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy , Pandemics , COVID-19 , Hydroxychloroquine/administration & dosage , Inflammation/drug therapy , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage
9.
Brasilia; s.n; 19 abr. , 2020. 39 p.
Non-conventional in Portuguese | LILACS, BRISA, PIE | ID: biblio-1095204

ABSTRACT

Na comparação 1: hidroxicloroquina (HCQ) versus grupo controle/terapia padrão: quanto a cura clínica, normalização da temperatura corporal e número de dias de tosse, o grupo da HCQ sugere benefício quando comparado ao grupo controle. Em termos de cura virológica e morte/progressão da doença após o início do tratamento com HCQ, não houve diferença significativa em relação ao grupo controle. Ainda nessa mesma comparação entre os grupos, quando realizado tratamento com HCQ, observou-se menos casos com progressão radiológica quando comparado ao grupo controle. Quando se avaliou a segurança, não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos. Na metanálise, foi verificado um benefício no grupo controle/tratamento padrão quanto à progressão radiológica. Na comparação 2: HCQ associado à azitromicina (AZT) ou outras drogas versus controle/terapia padrão: em um dos estudos, 100% dos pacientes estava com cura virológica ao usar HCQ/AZT no dia 6, comparado a 57,1% em monoterapia com HCQ. Em um dos estudos, o teste de PCR positivou novamente em um paciente que ficou negativo para a PCR por tratamento com HCQ + Azitromicina. Em um dos estudos, 11% da população em terapia combinada teve prolongamento significativo do QTc (> 500 ms) e o desenvolvimento de insuficiência renal aguda foi um importante preditor de prolongamento extremo do QTc. Ainda não se pode admitir o benefício da associação do tratamento da HCQ com a AZT, pois são necessários mais estudos clínicos para uma conclusão definitiva sobre essa associação.1


Subject(s)
Humans , Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy , Body Temperature/drug effects , Chloroquine/administration & dosage , Chloroquine/therapeutic use , Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy , Azithromycin/administration & dosage , Azithromycin/therapeutic use , Technology Assessment, Biomedical , Disease Progression , Therapies, Investigational/instrumentation , Betacoronavirus/drug effects
10.
Brasilia; s.n; 21 abr. , 2020. 22 p.
Non-conventional in Portuguese | LILACS, BRISA, PIE | ID: biblio-1095200

ABSTRACT

Três coortes foram avaliadas: pacientes que receberam hidroxicloroquina (HC) (n = 97), pacientes que receberam hidroxicloroquina e azitromicina (HC+AZ) (n = 113) e pacientes não expostos a hidroxicloroquina (sem HC) (n = 158). Nos três grupos, houveram mortes de pacientes: HC ­ 27 mortes (27,8 %), HC+AZ ­ 25 mortes (22,1 %) e sem HC ­ 18 mortes (11,4 %). A análise da associação das terapias (HC+AZ) com o risco de morte geral demonstrou que o grupo HC teria maior risco de morte por qualquer causa quando comparado ao grupo sem HC (p = 0,03). Não houve diferença em mortalidade na comparação do grupo HC+AZ com o grupo sem HC (p = 0,72). O uso de HC com ou sem a AZ não reduziu a mortalidade dos pacientes. Pelo contrário, o uso de apenas HC foi associado a um risco maior de morte quando comparado ao atendimento padrão, ou seja, sem HC. A necessidade da ventilação mecânica nos três grupos também foi estimada, mas não apresentou diferença significativa (p = 0,547).1


Subject(s)
Humans , Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy , Chloroquine/administration & dosage , Chloroquine/therapeutic use , Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy , Azithromycin/administration & dosage , Azithromycin/therapeutic use , Betacoronavirus/drug effects , Disease Progression , Therapies, Investigational/instrumentation
11.
Brasilia; s.n; 20 abr. , 2020. 17 p.
Non-conventional in Portuguese | LILACS, BRISA, PIE | ID: biblio-1095202

ABSTRACT

Os autores destacam que o grande número de estudos realizados com a cloroquina (CQ) reflete o esforço que a comunidade científica está fazendo para esclarecer o papel desse fármaco na redução da mortalidade associada ao COVID-19. Contudo, segundo os autores, esse esforço provavelmente não está sendo suficientemente bem coordenado. Sugerem que ensaios clínicos adaptativos sejam conduzidos, a fim de responder adequadamente - e rapidamente - a diferentes questões observadas durante essa pandemia. Ressaltam que problemas em ensaios clínicos, como grande número amostral e duração prolongada dos estudos, falta de poder para avaliar a eficácia global ou em subgrupos importantes, e custo elevado dos ensaios, acabam limitando a inovação médica, especialmente nesse cenário de emergência. Por fim, sugerem que pontos importantes ainda precisam ser abordados, a fim de encontrar prontamente as respostas, enquanto a pandemia está em andamento. Tais pontos envolvem o uso de um grupo placebo para mostrar efetivamente a eficácia do tratamento; a falta de um rápido financiamento; a necessidade de aprovação oportuna do protocolo por conselhos éticos em todo o mundo; o uso de estudos multicêntricos em vez de estudos unicêntricos, e a conformidade dos protocolos com as boas práticas clínicas


Subject(s)
Humans , Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy , Chloroquine/administration & dosage , Chloroquine/therapeutic use , Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy , Betacoronavirus/drug effects , Disease Progression , Therapies, Investigational/instrumentation
12.
Brasilia; s.n; 14 abr. , 2020. 18 p.
Non-conventional in Portuguese | LILACS, BRISA, PIE | ID: biblio-1095208

ABSTRACT

Este estudo incluiu dados coletados em tempo real de 181 pacientes internados com pneumonia por COVID-19; 84 receberam HCQ dentro de 48 horas de admissão (grupo HCQ) e 97 não receberam (grupo não HCQ). A gravidade inicial foi equilibrada entre os grupos, o que significa que esse fator de confusão foi endereçado. Na análise ponderada, 20,2% dos pacientes do grupo HCQ foram transferidos para a UTI ou morreram dentro de 7 dias versus 22,1% no grupo sem HCQ (16 vs. 21 eventos, RR 0,91, IC 95% 0,47-1,80). No grupo HCQ, 2,8% dos pacientes morreram em 7 dias versus 4,6% no grupo não HCQ (3 vs. 4 eventos, RR 0,61, IC 95% 0,13-2,89), e 27,4% e 24,1%, respectivamente, desenvolveram síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo em 7 dias (24 vs. 23 eventos, RR 1,14, IC 95% 0,65-2,00). Oito pacientes que receberam HCQ (9,5%) tiveram modificações no eletrocardiograma que exigiram a descontinuação da HCQ. O tratamento com HCQ + tratamento padrão, não foi associado à redução de internações em UTIs ou óbito em 7 dias após a internação, em comparação com o tratamento padrão. Esses resultados não apoiam o uso de HCQ em pacientes hospitalizados com pneumonia por COVID-19.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy , Chloroquine/administration & dosage , Chloroquine/therapeutic use , Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy , Betacoronavirus/drug effects , Disease Progression , Therapies, Investigational/instrumentation
17.
J. bras. nefrol ; 42(2,supl.1): 49-50, 2020.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1134830

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have shown promising preliminary results and have been discussed as therapeutic options for patients with Covid-19. Despite the lack of robust evidence demonstrating the benefits and justifying the use of one of these drugs, the final decision is the responsibility of the attending physician and should be individualized and shared, whenever possible. This position statement recommends dosage adjustment for these drugs in the context of renal impairment.


RESUMO Em razão de resultados preliminares promissores, a hidroxicloroquina e a cloroquina têm sido discutidas como opção terapêutica para pacientes com Covid-19. Apesar da ausência de estudos robustos que evidenciem o benefício e justifiquem o uso de uma dessas drogas, a decisão final compete ao médico assistente, devendo ser individualizada e, sempre que possível, compartilhada. A presente nota pretende orientar o ajuste posológico dessas drogas no contexto da disfunção renal.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy , Chloroquine/administration & dosage , Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy , Renal Insufficiency , Hydroxychloroquine/administration & dosage , Antimalarials/administration & dosage , Societies, Medical , Brazil , Pandemics , COVID-19 , Nephrology
19.
Rev. ciênc. farm. básica apl ; 40: [3], 01/01/2019.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1100191

ABSTRACT

The use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as off-label treatments for covid-19 disease is a resort for critical care patients under enteral nutrition (EN). However, the use of solid pharmaceutical forms of these drugs through feeding tubes can pose a challenge to the health care team. Therefore, we performed a review of literature regarding administration of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine through feeding tubes. For this end, a search was performed on PubMed and Lilacs database using key-words and free terms referring to drug administration via feeding tubes, and, specifically chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine. Also, a search on Micromedex® database and on the Handbook of Drug Administration via Enteral Feeding Tubes were performed. A total of 1.784 articles were retrieved. However, 4 articles fitted in the inclusion criteria. Two articles exploring the administration of chloroquine via feeding tubes on children with malaria found no difference on clinical results or tolerability when comparing it with oral or intramuscular administration. Other article showed full dispersion of hydroxychloroquine on water after crushing with mortar and pestle. A review found no information regarding the administration of hydroxychloroquine via postpyloric feeding tubes. No information was found on Micromedex® or the consulted Handbook; however, they pointed out the interaction between chloroquine and multivalent ions if coadministered.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Chloroquine/administration & dosage , Enteral Nutrition/instrumentation , Coronavirus , Hydroxychloroquine/administration & dosage , Coronavirus Infections/therapy
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